To an Athlete Dying Young by A.E. Housman

Text:

The time you won your town the race
We chaired you through the market-place;
Man and boy stood cheering by,
And home we brought you shoulder-high.

Today, the road all runners come,
Shoulder-high we bring you home,
And set you at your threshold down,
Townsman of a stiller town.

Smart lad, to slip betimes away
From fields where glory does not stay,
And early though the laurel grows
It withers quicker than the rose.

Eyes the shady night has shut
Cannot see the record cut,
And silence sounds no worse than cheers
After earth has stopped the ears:

Now you will not swell the rout
Of lads that wore their honours out,
Runners whom renown outran
And the name died before the man.

So set, before its echoes fade,
The fleet foot on the sill of shade,
And hold to the low lintel up
The still-defended challenge-cup.

And round that early-laurelled head
Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead,
And find unwithered on its curls
The garland briefer than a girl's.

Initial Reaction:

The poem is about a young athlete who dies in his prime. At the beginning of the poem, the author depicts the boy alive and well as the town cheered him on for winning the race. However, the rest of the poem laments the fact that the boy died at the height of his life.

Paraphrase:

The time you won the track race
The people of the town carried you through the market;
As all the people stood by cheering, Man
And brought you home on their shoulders. And

Today all the other runners come, Today
And we carry your coffin shoulder-high,
And set you down at your threshold,
Townsman of a stiller town.

Smart boy, to slip away,
From the land where glory is temporary,
And even though the trees grow
They die quicker than a rose.

Your shut eyes
Cannot see the record cut,
And the silence of the people that is no worse than cheers
After earth has stopped the ears:

Now you will not have to be on the same path
As boys who run out of glory,
Runners who outran the path
And whose glory died before them.

So you die before your glory fades,
The fast feet on the shades,
And hold to the low lintel up
The still possessed trophy.

And round that head
Will be the people that stare at the dead,
And find lying on the curls
The garland briefer than a girl's.

SWIFTT:

SW: “To an Athlete Dying Young” is a lyric poem that has a rhyme scheme of aabb. The poem has simple structure of seven stanzas each with four lines. Words throughout the poem contain a somber and lamenting undertone in words such as “withers,” “eyes…shut,” and “echoes fade.” The somber words depict the death of the boy and the mourning that the town underwent due to his death.

I: The poem paints an image of a young boy who died at the height of his life. Not long before his death, the boy had won a race amidst the praises of his town. However, the boy died young, and the author paints a picture of the boy’s funeral as he describes the men holding the coffin “shoulder-high,” similar to the way they once hoisted the boy through the town after his win in the race. In addition, the narrator describes the people who “Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead.”

F: The poem repeats the word “shoulder-high” twice to symbolize the life and death of the young boy. The first time the word “shoulder-high” is mentioned, the boy is being carried on the shoulders of the men as they cheered him on for his win in the race. The second time the word “shoulder-high” is used the boy is being carried on the shoulders of men in his coffin.

T: The tone of the poem is somber as it depicts a young boy that died in the prime of his life. The somber tone of the poem can be seen in lines like “It withers quicker than the rose,” “Eyes the shady night has shut,” and “So set, before its echoes fade.”

T: The poem conveys the theme that when a person dies at the height of their glory or youth, people tend to romanticize the life of the person and what they could have achieved in life if they had not died. For example, the author stated that because the boy had died in his prime, he would never have to be like the boys who “wore their honours out” or the boys whose “name died before the man.” Instead, the author stated that the dead athlete would still be able to defend his “challenge-cup” in his death.

Conclusion:

The poem was about a young boy who died in the prime of his life. Prior to his death, the boy was hoisted “shoulder-high” by the men in his town as the people praised him for his win in the town race. However, shortly after the win, the boy died and was carried “shoulder-high” in his coffin. Through the simple nature and structure of the poem, the author conveys the message that when a person dies in their prime, they leave behind a romanticized image of what they could have become if they had lived.

The Solitary Reaper by William Wordsworth

Text:

Behold her, single in the field,
Yon solitary Highland Lass!
Reaping and singing by herself;
Stop here, or gently pass!
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain;
O listen! for the Vale profound
Is overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale did ever chaunt
More welcome notes to weary bands
Of travellers in some shady haunt,
Among Arabian sands:
A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard
In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,
Breaking the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what she sings?--
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow
For old, unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago:
Or is it some more humble lay,
Familiar matter of to-day?
Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,
That has been, and may be again?

Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sang
As if her song could have no ending;
I saw her singing at her work,
And o'er the sickle bending;--
I listened, motionless and still;
And, as I mounted up the hill,
The music in my heart I bore,
Long after it was heard no more.

Initial Reaction:

The poem is about a young girl who sings to herself while she works in the grain field. Throughout the poem, the narrator tells the readers about the beauty in the girl’s voice, and how “no Nightingale did ever chaunt” more beautifully than the girl. The narrator tells readers that if they ever have the chance to hear the girl sing, they should stop and listen, and he states that even after he had walked away from the girl, he could still hear “the music in [his] heart.”

Paraphrase:

Look at her, alone in the field,
The solitary girl in the highlands!
Harvesting and singing all alone;
Stop here, or keep walking quietly!
She cuts and binds the grain alone,
And sings a sad song;
Listen! For the deep song
Is overflowing with the sound.

A nightingale never sang
More lovely notes to tired passers
Of travelers in some dark worry,
Among Arabian sands:
No one has ever heard a voice so thrilling
From the cuckoo-bird in the spring
Cutting through the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what the song is that she sings?
Maybe the songs are sung
For old, sad things far away,
And battles of the past:
Or is it about some humble lay,
Of familiar subject matter of the day?
Or is it of some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,
That was there in the past, and might come up again?

Whatever the song is that the young girl sings
She sings as if the song will never end;
I saw her singing as she worked,
And over the sickles;
As I listened, I could not move;
And as I walked up the hill,
The sounds of the song was still in my heart,
Long after I could not hear it anymore.

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is written in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of ababccdd. In addition, the poem contains multiple interjections such as “Yon solitary Highland Lass!” “Stop here, or gently pass!” and “O listen!” The interjections display the narrator’s excitement and entrancement when the young girl sings. Further, the author uses word choice to convey an earthy and slightly somber message. Earthy word choice seen throughout the poem includes “single in the field,” “grain,” “Highland,” “spring-time,” and “cuckoo-bird.” Somber word choice in the poem includes “melancholy strain,” “battles long ago,” and “natural sorrow, loss, or pain.”

I: The poem paints an earthy and pure image of a young girl singing to herself. The girl depicted in the poem was “reaping” and “[binding] the grain” as she sang to herself. The girl appears pure as she remains in solitude singing a beautiful song, but at the same time, the narrator suggests that the young girl could be singing about “old, unhappy, far-off things,” “battles long ago,” or “sorrow, loss, or pain.” Further, the readers can see earthy imagery as the author compares the girl’s singing to “a Nightingale” and a “cuckoo-bird.”

F: The poem personifies the young girl’s voice as something that had the power to “[break] the silence of the seas.”

T: The tone of the poem is admiring and somber. It is praising as the narrator praises the girl’s singing throughout the poem in lines like “A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard” and “The music in my heart I bore.” At the same time, the poem has a somber tone as the author suggests that the young girl is singing about “old, unhappy, far-off things,” “battles long ago,” or “sorrow, loss, or pain.”

T: The theme of the poem is that great beauty can be found in even the simplest of things—like a young girl’s voice. In the poem, the girl is never described to be particularly beautiful or gracious, but her singing is powerful enough to make the narrator listen “motionless and still.” Further, the author stated that not even the nightingales or cuckoo-birds could sing as beautifully as the girl. In addition, the simplistic language used in the poem in combination with the earthy images conveys the idea that loveliness and beauty can be found in simple forms.

Conclusion:

The poem is simplistic and earthy as it depicted a young girl singing to herself as she harvested the fields. Throughout the poem, the narrator describes the beautiful voice of the young girl and the impact that it has on him. The narrator even urges the readers to “Stop here, or gently pass” out of respect and admiration if they were to hear the young girl singing. At the same time, the poem contained some somber undertones as the narrator suggested that the young girl was singing about “old, unhappy, far-off things” or “battles long ago.”

Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keates

Text:

Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,
    Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
    A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fring'd legend haunt about thy shape
    Of deities or mortals, or of both,
        In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
    What men or gods are these?  What maidens loth?
What mad pursuit?  What struggle to escape?
        What pipes and timbrels?  What wild ecstasy?

Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
    Are sweeter: therefore, ye soft pipes, play on;
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd,
    Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone:
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave
    Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;
        Bold lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
Though winning near the goal - yet, do not grieve;
        She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss,
    For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair!

Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed
    Your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu;
And, happy melodist, unwearied,
    For ever piping songs for ever new;
More happy love! more happy, happy love!
    For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd,
        For ever panting, and for ever young;
All breathing human passion far above,
    That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd,
        A burning forehead, and a parching tongue.

Who are these coming to the sacrifice?
    To what green altar, O mysterious priest,
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,
    And all her silken flanks with garlands drest?
What little town by river or sea shore,
    Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,
        Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn?
And, little town, thy streets for evermore
    Will silent be; and not a soul to tell
        Why thou art desolate, can e'er return.

O Attic shape!  Fair attitude! with brede
    Of marble men and maidens overwrought,
With forest branches and the trodden weed;
    Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought
As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral!
    When old age shall this generation waste,
        Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
    Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st,
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty," - that is all
        Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.

Initial Reaction:

My initial reaction after reading “Ode on a Grecian Urn” is that the poem is about a man reminiscing about the past. He is thinking about “maidens,” melodies,” “happy boughs,” and a “sacrifice” of the past, and I believe he is wishing that the people, sounds, and events were frozen in time so that they could be enjoyed forever.

Paraphrase:

The unchanging bride that will always be silent,
The foster-child that will always be silent as time passes slowly,
Sylvan historian, who will never be able to tell
A story more sweet than this rhyme:
What legends are in your being
Of gods or humans, or of both,
        In the worship place or the valleys of Arcadia?
What men or gods are these beings? What women are they?
What are they pursuing? What are they desperately trying to escape?
What and songs? What crazy excitement?

Songs that can be heard are beautiful, but those that cannot be heard
Are even more beautiful: therefore, silent instruments, keep playing;
Not for the light ear, but for the more emotionally devoted one,
Play to the spirit gods:
Young child, beneath the trees that you will never be able to leave
Your song, not even those trees are bare;
        Passionate lover, never will you be able to kiss,
Even though you are so close to winning over your love, but do not be sad;
Her beauty will never be able to diminish, even though you will never truly be able to get her,
You will always love her, and she will always be fair!

Ah, happy trees that cannot shed
    Your leaves, now ever move past the spring into a different season;
And happy musician, never tired,
   Forever playing songs that will always be new;
Happy love!
It will always be a new love and will always be enjoyed,
   It will always be exciting and young;
All humans everywhere,
That leaves sorrowful,
A high fever and a thirsty tongue.

Who are these people who have come to watch the sacrifice?
To what altar, mysterious priest,
Do you lead the sacrifice bowing under the skies,
    With her silk dress and garlands?
What is the small town by the shore,
Or the city built on the mountain,
Is emptied to watch this tragedy?
And, small town, your streets will always be
Silent, without a single person to tell    Will
  Where everyone in the town went and why they can never come back.

O the attic! Filled with
    Statues of men and women distraught,
With the branches of the forest and the weeds that have been trampled on;
The silence teases our mind
As does eternity: Cruel Pastoral!
    When old age deteriorates our generation,
        You will always be here, in the middle of our sorrows
A friend to people who say,
“Truth is in beauty, beauty is truth”—that is all
      you can know on earth, and that is all you need to know.

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is composed of multiple apostrophes, such as “foster child,” “Sylvan historian,” and “unravished bride.” The apostrophes serve to identify the subject of the narrator’s thoughts before he began to tell a story about the characters. In addition, stanzas one and four are composed of a series of rhetorical questions. As the narrator asked more questions, readers can see that the narrator is becoming increasingly involved in the story he is telling. The poem has a rhyme scheme of ababcdcdef. Further, the poem conveys the idea that the images captured on the urn will never be able to make a sound through words like “quietness,” “silence,” and “unheard.”

I: The poem contains a plethora of imagery as the author described pictures painted on urns. For example, the author painted a picture in the reader’s mind of “happy boughs,” “happy melodist,” happy lovers, and a “sacrifice.” When describing the boughs, the author paints an image of a tree “that cannot shed [its] leaves” and can never “bid the spring adieu.” When describing the melodist, the author paints a picture of a man who loves music and will always be able to write pleasing and innovative songs. When describing the lovers, the author paints a picture of a “Bold Lover” chasing a “fair” woman. And when describing the sacrifice, the author paints an image of a girl clothed in “her silken flanks with garlands.” Further, the poem contains earthy imagery, such as “the trees,” the “happy boughs,” and the “green altar.”

F: The poem contains multiple allusions to the gods and “deities.” Further, the poem contains an allusion to the “dales of Arcady.” Further, at the end of the poem, the author personifies beauty as truth, and truth as beauty.

T: The tone of the poem is reflective and reminiscent. Throughout the poem the author speaks of lovers that will always be young, trees whose leaves will never fall, and musicians whose songs will never be heard. As the author describes each of the scenes, he conveys the idea that the pictures he paints will be forever preserved in their youthful glory. However, while the characters painted on the urn will remain forever young, the author and the other mortals of his generation will become “waste” with old age. Therefore, the author was reflecting the beauty and life painted on the urn, but also thinking about how he would age along with the rest of his generation.

T: The theme of the poem is that unlike the frozen images painted on urns, in reality, every mortal will age and progress in life. The urns are respected for the youthful, lively images painted on its surfaces like the “Bold lover,” “fair” woman, “happy boughs,” and “melodist.” However, because the characters are only images on an urn, the lover will never be able to kiss the woman of his dreams, the boughs will never be able to shed its leaves, and the melodist’s songs will never be heard. But at the same time, all the subjects of the pictures on the urn will always be free from the constraints of time and aging, and they will remain forever young. At the same time, the author will continue to age over time, and he is not free from the constraints of aging. So while the images will be forever young but never be able to truly experience life or move forward, the author would eventually age, but he would be able to live his own life and progress.

Conclusion:

After analyzing the poem, I now realize that the poem is not simply about a man reminiscing about the past, but it is about a man reflecting on how the images on the urn will be preserved forever and free from aging, while the narrator himself would grow old. The narrator constantly expressed the idea that the images on the urn were immortal though lines like “Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave,” “Bold, Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,” and “For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair.” Through lines like the ones listed above, the readers get a sense of the idea that the images on the urn are frozen in time, and while they will never be able to progress in life, they will also always be beautiful and remain frozen in the prime of their lives. However, in the real world, the narrator would not remain frozen in his youth, but he would eventually become “waste” as he aged.

The Wild Swans at Coole by William Butler Yeats

Text:

THE trees are in their autumn beauty,
The woodland paths are dry,
Under the October twilight the water
Mirrors a still sky;
Upon the brimming water among the stones
Are nine-and-fifty Swans.

The nineteenth autumn has come upon me
Since I first made my count;
I saw, before I had well finished,
All suddenly mount
And scatter wheeling in great broken rings
Upon their clamorous wings.

I have looked upon those brilliant creatures,
And now my heart is sore.
All's changed since I, hearing at twilight,
The first time on this shore,
The bell-beat of their wings above my head,
Trod with a lighter tread.

Unwearied still, lover by lover,
They paddle in the cold
Companionable streams or climb the air;
Their hearts have not grown old;
Passion or conquest, wander where they will,
Attend upon them still.

But now they drift on the still water,
Mysterious, beautiful;
Among what rushes will they build,
By what lake's edge or pool
Delight men's eyes when I awake some day
To find they have flown away?

Initial Reaction:

I believe the poem follows a man as he looks at and counts swans in a lake. The narrator has gone to the lake for the past “nineteen autumns” to look at the swans, suggesting that he was deeply captivated by the birds. I believe that seeing the swans and counting them gave the narrator great peace of mind and joy. However, once the swans flew away, I believe the narrator felt let down and melancholy.

Paraphrase:

The trees have the beauty of fall,
The paths of the woods are dry,
Under the twilight of October the water
Reflects the still sky;
And on the water among the stones Upon
Are fifty-nine swans.

This is the nineteenth autumn that has come to me
Since I started counting;
But before I had finished,
All suddenly started flying
And breaking into great broken rings
Upon their clamorous wings.

I have looked at those amazing creatures,
And now it hurts my heart.
Everything has changed since I heard at twilight,
For the first time on this shore,
The beating of the swans’ wings above my head,
Walking with a light tread.

Unchanging still, lover by lover,
They paddle through the cold
Through the streams or in the air;
Their hearts have never aged;
Excitement or conquest, will wander where they will,
Are still within the swans.

But now they are drifting on the water,
Mysterious, beautiful;
Where will they build their nests,
By what lake shore or pool
Delight men’s eyes to see while I awake someday Delight
To find the swans have flown away?

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is composed of five stanzas, each with six lines. The poem is written in iambic, and it has a rhyme scheme of abcbdd. In addition, the author uses words like “October twilight,” “brilliant,” and “beautiful” to depict the mysterious and alluring nature of the swans.

I: The author uses imagery to paint a picture of a lake filled with beautiful swans. Throughout the poem, the readers can see the imagery of the lake through lines like “Upon the brimming water,” “the still water,” and “lake's edge or pool.” Further, readers can see imagery of the swans through lines like “nine-and-fifty Swans” and “those brilliant creatures.”

F: The poem is an extended metaphor for a yearning for things of the past and a disdain for change. For example, in the poem the author stated he had counted the swans for nineteen years, and the swans were “Unwearied still, lover by lover” and “Their hearts [had] not grown old.” However, on the other hand, the author mourned the fact that since the first time he had counted the swans “All's changed” in his own life.

T: The tone is contemplative and tranquil, as the author thought of how his own life had changed over the years, but the swans still remained “unwearied.” Further, the tranquil tone of the poem can be seen through lines like “Upon the brimming water among the stones” and “Trod with a lighter tread.”

T: The theme of the story is that no matter how hard one tries to hold on to things of the past, time will always continue to pass, and things will always keep changing. The swans in the poem were almost like a souvenir or reminder of the past, the way they never changed and always held on to their “Passion or conquest.” However, the narrator was not unchanging like the swans, but instead he mourned the fact that “All's changed” since he counted the swans for the first time.

Conclusion:

After analyzing the poem, I believe it depicts the narrator mourning the changes in his life. While the narrator looked at the swans and thought that even after nineteen years, the swans remained “Unwearied still” and still full of “Passion or conquest,” the narrator felt like “All's changed” in his life since the first time he counted the swans. The fact that nothing was the same as it was nineteen years ago made the narrator’s “heart…sore.” After all the years, the swans served as a symbol of the past and a lack of change, which contrasted the extreme changes that the narrator felt his own life had gone through.

The Oven Bird by Robert Frost

Text:

There is a singer everyone has heard,
Loud, a mid-summer and a mid-wood bird,
Who makes the solid tree trunks sound again.
He says that leaves are old and that for flowers
Mid-summer is to spring as one to ten.
He says the early petal-fall is past
When pear and cherry bloom went down in showers
On sunny days a moment overcast;
And comes that other fall we name the fall.
He says the highway dust is over all.
The bird would cease and be as other birds
But that he knows in singing not to sing.
The question that he frames in all but words
Is what to make of a diminished thing.There is a singer everyone has heard,

Initial Reaction:

I believe the poem is describing the idea that nature is being destroyed by humans to expand and further industrialization. The poem depicts trees where the birds sing and where “pear and cherry blooms” fall being cleared away to build highways and cities. The poem laments the destruction of nature and questions what the singing bird “is…to make of a diminished thing,” meaning what is the bird to make of the loss of its home and land for the construction of highways and such.

Paraphrase:

There is a singer that we have all heard,
The woodpecker singing loud in the middle of summer,
Who makes the trees sound with its songs.
He said that the leaves are getting old and that for flowers
Mid-summer is to spring as one to ten.
He says that the early fall of the leaves is gone
Where the pears and cherry blossoms fell down in showers
On sunny days there will be an overcast moment;
And then the fall comes that is different from when the leaves actually fell.
He says the dust from the highway covers everything. He
The birds will stop acting like other birds
But he will know not to sing.
The question that he poses without using words
Is what to make of something past.

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is structured in iambic pentameter format. In addition, the rhyme scheme is aabcbdedeffghg. The poem uses words choice to depict the idea that every peaceful or good thing eventually comes to an end. For example, while summer normally symbolizes hope and life, in the poem the author uses the word “mid-summer” to convey a glass-half-empty ideal. For in the poem, summer did not represent life and hope, but instead, the narrator lamented the fact that summer was half over.

I: The poem contains earthy imagery in addition to dismal imagery that alludes to the ending of all good things. Earthy imagery can be seen throughout the poem as the author writes, “the solid tree trunks sound again” and “early petal-fall.” In addition, the dismal imagery can be seen as the author gloomily stated, “leaves are old” and “what to make of a diminished thing.”

F: The poem is an extended metaphor for the idea that nothing lasts forever, and at some point, even the most peaceful and serene scenes of nature are covered with “the highway dust.” The bird described in the poem symbolized a negative outlook on life, for the bird was heard singing “mid-summer” and was described to be “a mid-wood bird,” showing that instead of enjoy the pleasures of summer, the author lamented the fact that summer was half-way over. Further, throughout the poem, the bird was described to be telling stories about how the “pear and cherry bloom went down in summer” and how there was overcast on sunny days. At the end, the bird finally questioned “what to make of a diminished thing.”

T: The tone of the poem was melancholy and despairing as it lamented the idea that nothing can last forever. For example, the poem described “the early petal-fall” and “sunny days a moment overcast.”

T: The theme of the poem is that nothing in life will last forever. The narrator of the poem continually depicted scenes from the most negative point of view possible. Instead of enjoying the pleasures of summer, the narrator lamented the fact that it was “mid-summer.” At the end of the poem, the narrator even stated that the bird who tells him of the passage of all things will eventually “cease and be as other birds.”

Conclusion:

After analyzing “The Oven Bird,” my concluding thoughts are very different from my initial reaction. The poem was not describing industrialization, but it was simply lamenting the passage of all good things in life. The narrator constantly took on negative points of views on life, as he lamented everything from the fact that it was “mid-summer” to the “highway dust…over all.”

Telephone Poles by John Updike

Text:

They have been with us a long time.
They will outlast the elms.
Our eyes, like the eyes of a savage sieving the trees
In his search for game,
Run through them. They blend along small-town streets
Like a race of giants that have faded into mere mythology.
Our eyes, washed clean of belief,
Lift incredulous to their fearsome crowns of bolts, trusses,

struts, nuts, insulators, and such
Barnacles as compose
These weathered encrustations of electrical debris¬
Each a Gorgon’s head, which, seized right,
Could stun us to stone.

Yet they are ours. We made them.
See here, where the cleats of linemen
Have roughened a second bark
Onto the bald trunk. And these spikes
Have been driven sideways at intervals handy for human legs.
The Nature of our construction is in every way
A better fit than the Nature it displaces
What other tree can you climb where the birds’ twitter,
Unscrambled, is English? True, their thin shade is negligible,
But then again there is not that tragic autumnal
Casting-off of leaves to outface annually.
These giants are more constant than evergreens
By being never green.

Initial Reaction:

I believe that the poem “Telephone Poles” is about how humans tend to disregard the beauty and serenity of nature, but instead, humans destroy nature to further their own means. For example, in the poem, humans are described to have “eyes of a savage” as they “[sieved] the trees” to build telephone poles. The line depicts the idea that humans have a tendency to grab whatever they can for their own and to transform it into something that they believe will better their own lives.

Paraphrase:

They have been on Earth for a while.
They will be on Earth longer than the elm trees will.
Our eyes, like the eyes of beasts cut the trees
To search for game,
Run through the trees. They blend in on the streets
Like giants who have become purely mythology.
We no longer hold the belief,
We are unbelieving that the large crowns of bolts, trusses,

struts, nuts, insulators, and such
Barnacles as compose
These old pieces of electrical dust¬
Each like the Greek Goddess Gorgon,
Who could turn us into stone.

Yet they are our creation.
See where the shoes of the workers
Roughened the tree into another piece of bark
Onto the bald trunk. And these spikes
Were driven sideways in ways that are fitting for human legs.
The Nature of what we build is completely The
Than the natural Nature
What other tree can be climbed where the birds lay,
Unscrambled, is English? True, the thin shade of our creations is next to nothing,
But then there will not be the tragic autumn
As the tree casts off leaves annually.
These giants are more unchanging than evergreens
Without even being green.

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is composed of short, simple sentence structure. In the last stanza of the poem, it uses the rhetorical question, “What other tree can you climb where the birds’ twitter, Unscrambled, is English?” to convey the concept of technology versus nature. The poem uses word choice that conveys an earthy image. For example, the poem uses words such as “the elms” and “the birds’ twitter” to convey an earthy image. But at the same time, the poem uses words such as “sieving” to convey the idea that humans tear apart nature to meet their own ends. In addition, the pronouns in the poem have significance, as the pronoun “they” refers to the telephone poles, and the pronoun “ours” refers to the entire human race.

I: The poem is composed of imagery of Nature and industrialization. Throughout the poem, the reader can see the Nature imagery as the author writes, “The birds’ twitter” and “Casting-off of leaves to outface annually.” In addition, the industrialization imagery can be seen as the author writes, “Lift incredulous to their fearsome crowns of bolts, trusses, struts, nuts, insulators, and such.” Further, crucifixion imagery can be seen as the author writes “cleats of linemen, Have roughened a second bark, Onto the bald trunk” and “these spikes, Have been driven sideways at intervals”

F: The poem satirizes the industrialization of nature. While the poem is seemingly praising the fact that humans have cut down countless trees to build telephone poles, in reality, the poem is condemning the destruction of nature. For example, the poem states, “The Nature of our construction is in every way/A better fit than the Nature it displaces.” While the narrator claimed that human constructions are better than nature, the narrator actually feels disdain towards the destruction of nature in its natural state.

T: The tone of the poem is bitter and satirical as the narrator conveys the idea that humans have destroyed nature to achieve their own purposes. The narrator stated, “Yet they are ours. We made them” in an almost disdainful manner, for humans “[sieved] the trees” and built “giants [that] are more constant than evergreens/ By being never green.”

T: The theme of the poem is that as humans push more and more for advancement and industrialization, they also push farther and farther away from nature in its natural state. For instead of appreciating the shade of trees or “the birds’ twitter,” humans are “sieving the trees” and building telephone poles.

Conclusion:

“Telephone Poles” is a satirical poem about how as humans push for advancement, they lose touch with nature. Instead of appreciating the wonders and beauty of nature, the poem conveys the idea that humans simply “[sieve] the trees” with a “savage” look in their eyes and build up more telephone poles. The poem suggests that industrialization is a give and take, for while humans do receive great advancements and additional comforts through it, at the same time, they lose things, like the evergreens that are replaced with telephone poles that will be “never green.”

On Reading Poems to a Senior Class at South High by D.C. Berry

Text:

Before

I opened my mouth

I noticed them sitting there

as orderly as frozen fish

in a package.

Slowly water began to fill the room

though I did not notice it

till it reached

my ears

and then I heard the sounds

of fish in an aquarium

and I knew that though I had

tried to drown them

with my words

that they had only opened up

like gills for them

and let me in.

Together we swam around the room

like thirty tails whacking words

till the bell rang

puncturing

a hole in the door

where we all leaked out

They went to another class

I suppose and I to home

where Queen Elizabeth

my cat met me

and licked my fins

till they were hands again.

Initial Reaction:

My initial reaction to the poem is that the fish imagery is a metaphor for the narrator’s experiences as a teacher. The narrator feels as if he was transported to a different setting and world when he is teaching. The teacher initially felt like he had “to drown [the students] with [his] words” in order to teacher them anything; however, the teacher found that “they had only opened up like gills for them and let [him] in,” suggesting that the students learned more from the narrator than he knew. The fish imagery suggests that the teacher was such an extraordinary English teacher that the students felt transported to entirely different places while in the narrator’s class. At the end of the poem, the narrator even stated that it was not until his cats licked his fingers that he was able to snap back into reality and realize that he lived in the real world, not the worlds he traveled through with literature while at school.

Paraphrase:

Before

I began talking

I noticed the students sitting there

as neatly as fish

in a can.

Slowly, it felt like water was filling the room

Though I barely noticed it

Until the water was up to

my ears

and then I heard the noises

of fish in an aquarium

And I knew that even though I had

Attempted to fill the students’ minds

with my words

They had already opened up

Their minds like gills

and let me in.

The students and I swam around the room

Like thirty bodies whacking the books

till the bell rang

like a puncture

in the door

where we all left

They left for another class

Or to go home

where Queen Elizabeth

my cat met me

and licked my fins

until I realized that they were hands again.

SWIFTT:

SW: The poem is composed of short lines with simple sentence structure. In fact, some sentences only compose of a few words, like “my ears” or “puncturing.” The short lines give the poem a flowing quality that makes it easy to follow. In addition, the author chose words that related to water or fish to convey the ideas of the poem, such as “frozen fish,” “an aquarium,” and “swam around the room.”

I: The poem contains water and fish imagery from the beginning to the end of the poem. For example, in the opening of the poem, the narrator stated that in his mind the students had transformed into “frozen fish” in a package. As the poem continued on, the author felt as if “water began to fill the room.” The teacher even compared the opening of the student’s minds to his teaching to “thirty tails whacking words.”

F: The poem is an extended metaphor for the power of learning and education. The idea can be seen through the fact that through the teachings of the teacher completely transported the students and teacher into a world where “water began to fill the room” and “Together [they] swam around the room.” The fact that the students and teacher alike felt like they were in a completely different world and environment shows that English and learning has the power to completely captivate one’s mind and transport them into a different world.

T: The tone of the poem was light and mystical as the students were transported from their classroom into a completely different environment where they pictured themselves swimming underwater. The light tone can be seen through the simple language structure and bright imagery of the students swimming like fish.

T: The theme of the poem is that English and poetry has the power to transport one to a completely different world. In the poem, the narrator and his students felt as if they were completely transported from hard ground to the underwater world. For as the teacher taught the students, the students felt as if “Together [they] swam around the room.” The classroom was so captivated that the teacher barely felt human again until he got home and his cat “licked [his] fins till they were hands again.”

Conclusion:

My concluding thoughts of the poem remain the same as my initial reaction. The poem is an extended metaphor for the power of education and poetry to transport the reader from one world to a completely foreign one. The story used fish and water imagery to convey the idea that poetry has the power to transport one to any place imaginable.

Musee des Beaux Arts by W.H. Auden

Text:

About suffering they were never wrong,
The old Masters: how well they understood
Its human position: how it takes place
While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;
How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting
For the miraculous birth, there always must be
Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating
On a pond at the edge of the wood:
They never forgot
That even the must run its course
Anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot
Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse
Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.

In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may
Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry,
But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone
As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green
Water, and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen
Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,
Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

Initial Reaction:
 After reading “Musee des Beaux Arts,” I believe that the poem is about a young boy drowning. While the poem depicts a tragedy, the poem also shows that the whole world does not stop when one dies. When the boy drowned, the poem stated that “everything [turned] away quite leisurely from the disaster.” The calm tone of the poem—in combination with the tragic fall of the boy—further support the idea that one death or tragedy does not have the power to stop all normal activity from occurring.

Paraphrase:

When it comes to suffering, they were never incorrect,
The old masters understood it very well
Its human nature, how it occurs
While someone else is doing something trivial, like eating or walking around;
How when the elderly are dedicatedly waiting
For the amazing birth, there always are
Kids who did not mean for it to happen, skating
At the pond on the edge of the woods:
They will never forget
That even the sacrificial death must end at some point
And in a corner, some unclean place
Where dogs go on with their lives and the cruel man’s horse
Scratches itself on a tree.

In Breughel’s painting, for example: how everything looks away
Quite care freely from the tragedy; the ploughman might
Have heard the splash of the water, the betrayed cry,
But for him he did not feel like he failed anyone; the sun shone
As it did on the white legs as they sunk into the
Water, and the ship must have seen
Something unusual, a boy falling from the sky,
But the boat had somewhere to go, and it sailed on calmly.

SWIFTT:
SW: The syntax of the poem includes several colons throughout the poem, as seen in the lines, “The old Masters: how well they understood,”  “Its human position: how it takes place,” and “In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away.” The words before the colon commonly depicted a character or an ideal, and the words after the colon explained the thoughts or actions of the person or idea before the colon. In addition, the poem had very little evidence of rhyme scheme and was written in free verse. The poem had no definite beat, and it was broken into two stanzas. The poem uses simple, child-like diction to convey its ideas. For example, child-like diction is evident in lines such as, “dogs go on with their doggy life” and “its innocent behind.”

I: The imagery in the poem is based off the painting “Fall of Icarus” by Breughal. Breughal’s painting depicted a young boy who got too close to the sun and drowned in the ocean. The poem describes “a boy falling out of the sky” and his “white legs disappearing into the green.” The line demonstrates imagery connected to Breughal’s painting, in addition to bright imagery represented by the sky, in addition to dark imagery that depicted a young boy drowning. Imagery of death was further evident in the poem when the author wrote “dreadful martyrdom,” and imagery of life and brightness was further seen when the author wrote “the miraculous birth.”

F: The poem is an extended metaphor for the lonely nature of death. The drowning of the young boy depicted the idea that the loss of one life leaves little to no impact on the world. When the boy fell into the water, “white legs disappearing into the green/ Water… everything [turned] away/ Quite leisurely from the disaster.” Even the ploughman barely “heard the splash” as the young boy fell to his death. Therefore, the poem shows that even something as tragic as the death of the young boy is insignificant in the grand scheme of the world, and the poem figuratively represented the loneliness of death. In addition, the poem contained allusions to the Bible. “The miraculous birth” represented the birth of Jesus, while “dreadful martyrdom” represented the crucifixion of Christ.

T: The tone of the poem was nonchalant, despite the fact that it was an extended metaphor for loneliness in death. Lines such as “the miraculous birth” and “sailed calmly on” give the poem a tranquil and bright tone. However, the poem is an extended metaphor for the greatest symbol of darkness, death. Therefore, the bright tone provided a contrast to the dark message of the poem.

T: The theme of the poem is that no matter how bright the world appears, at some point, everyone will die alone, and the sun will continue to shine just as brightly despite the loss of life. The poem stated that “The old Masters” understood that it was just the way of the world that while others were performing trivial tasks, “dreadful martyrdom” could be taking place. And in the same place where “dreadful martyrdom” took place, a horse may be found “[scratching] its innocent behind on a tree.” The horse’s carefree action at the location where one lost their life demonstrates human apathy for the tragedies of others. Further, the poem depicted a young boy plunging to his death, but no one went to his aid. Instead, everyone continued on “quite leisurely,” and a boat even “sailed calmly on.”

Conclusion:
My concluding thoughts are the same as my initial reaction. The poem portrays the idea that the loss of one human life does not have the impact to stop the world from moving forward in its normal fashion. The poem conveys the idea that even “the dreadful martyrdom” will not last forever, and a place of death does not become consecrated ground, for the location of the martyrdom eventually became the place where a horse “[scratched] its innocent behind on a tree.” In addition, the poem conveys the idea that death is lonely, for when a young boy fell into the water and his “white legs” sunk, no one ran to his rescue. Instead, everyone continued on “quite leisurely.” Despite the dark message of the poem, the tone remained relatively bright. Therefore, the tone provided a contrast to the message of the poem that all people die alone, and the world will never cease to stop spinning at the loss of one human life.

War is Kind by Stephen Crane

Text:

Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind,
Because your lover threw wild hands toward the sky
And the affrighted steed ran on alone,
Do not weep.
War is kind.

Hoarse, booming drums of the regiment,
Little souls who thirst for fight,
These men were born to drill and die.
The unexplained glory flies above them.
Great is the battle-god, great, and his kingdom--
A field where a thousand corpses lie.

Do not weep, babe, for war is kind.
Because your father tumbles in the yellow trenches,
Raged at his breast, gulped and died,
Do not weep.
War is kind.

Swift blazing flag of the regiment,
Eagle with crest of red and gold,
These men were born to drill and die.
Point for them the virtue of slaughter,
Make plain to them the excellence of killing
And a field where a thousand corpses lie.

Mother whose heart hung humble as a button
On the bright splendid shroud of your son,
Do not weep.
War is kind!

Initial Reaction:

I believe “War is Kind” is a satire for the concept of war. The poem has a highly sarcastic tone as it lists all the horrors of war, and then contrasts the depiction of the horrors with the line “War is kind.” While the narrator states “glory flies above [the soldier]” and urges family members “Do not weep,” in reality, it can be inferred through the poem that the narrator is extremely anti-war.

Paraphrase:

Do not cry young lover, for war is good,
Since your boyfriend threw his scared hands toward the sky
And his frightened horse ran away alone,
Do not cry.
War is good.

Loud, booming drums of the soldiers,
Young boys who long to fight,
These men were born to fight and die.
The ceaseless victory flies above them.
The god of battles is great, and his lands --
A field where countless dead bodies lie.

Do not cry, child, for war is good.
Because your father died in the trenches,
His chest inflamed, gulping before he died,
Do not cry.
War is good.

Fiery flag of the soldiers,
With the symbol of an eagle and red and gold crest,
These men were born to fight and die.
Point them in the direction of virtuous death,
Teach them about the honor of killing
And the field where countless dead bodies lie.

Mother who has a humble heart
On the beautiful burial sheet of your son,
Do not cry.
War is good!

SWIFTT:

SW: The author uses repetition throughout the poem to convey his sarcastic and dark message about war, which can be seen as he writes, “These men were born to drill and die” and “War is kind.” The only rhyme that can be found in the poem is in the second and fourth stanzas where the poem has an abcdec rhyme scheme.

I: The poem contains graphic imagery of war. For example, lines such as “your lover threw wild hands toward the sky, And the affrighted steed ran on alone” and “your father tumbles in the yellow trenches,
Raged at his breast, gulped and died” convey an image of the horrors of war. In addition, the poem contains imagery of families of fallen soldiers, as it reads, “Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind” and “Mother whose heart hung humble as a button.”

F: In the poem, war is symbolizes death. Throughout the poem, the author does not focus on war victories, but he focuses on the loss of family members to war, presenting war as simply a stealer of life. For example, the poem reads, “These men were born to drill and die” and “A field where a thousand corpses lie.” Further, the poem reads, “Swift blazing flag of the regiment, Eagle with crest of red and gold.” The flag depicted symbolizes the glory of war, while the following line, which state “These men were born to fight and die” represents the idea that despite all the imagined glories of war, in the end, the soldiers are simply pawns of a deadly game.

T: The tone of the poem is highly sarcastic and dark as the author states that the soldiers in war were simply “men born to fight and die.” It is sarcastic because the author constantly states “War is kind” in combination with lines depicting the horrors of war. In addition, lines like “Little souls who thirst for fight” and “A field where a thousand corpses lie” give the poem a dark tone.

T: The theme of the poem is that war is simply a deadly game that takes life and gives nothing in return. While the narrator constantly states, “War is kind,” in reality, he is satirizing the entire concept of war. The sarcastic tone of the poem further contributes to the author’s dark thoughts about war. Throughout the poem, death is a constant theme as the author writes, “the affrighted steed ran on alone,” “These men were born to drill and die,” and “Raged at his breast, gulped and died.”

Conclusion:

My concluding thoughts on the poem are the same as my initial reaction. The author’s tone throughout the entire poem was highly sarcastic, suggesting the fact that he is anti-war despite his words “War is kind.” In addition, the poem reveals the darkest side of war as it depicts fallen soldiers that die alone, then depicts the mourning families of the soldiers. The entire poem is a satire for the darkness of war.